VYBORG

Vyborg is situated on the coast of the Gulf of Finland, 120 km north-east of St. Petersburg. Vyborg is known as one of the largest historical towns in Russia.  The history of the town began with the construction of a castle in 1293 by Swedes, when they conquered Karelia Isthmus.

In the year of 1403 Vyborg got the official status of a town. The castle, the only castle in Russia designed in the European tradition, defined the town as town-fortress.  Later Vyborg developed into a centre of trade between the Novgorod merchants and Karelian hunters. Nowadays Vyborg is an industrial and cultural centre, an international harbour and an important railway and highway point. Everybody,who has ever been here, remembers its majestic, unforgettable style, its quiet streets and the wonder of the various historical monuments. In Vyborg you can definitely feel close to other historical ages and to the national cultures of Swedish, Finnish and Russian people.

Sights to see
The most prominent landmark is the Swedish built castle, started in the 13th century and extensively reconstructed in 1891–1894. The Round Tower and the Rathaus Tower date from the mid-16th century. The Viipuri Library by the Finnish architect, Alvar Aalto, is a reference point in the history of modern architecture.

There are also Russian fortifications, completed by 1740, as well as the monuments to Peter I (1910) and Torkel Knutsson. Tourists can see the "Lenin House", where the Russian revolutionary prepared the Bolshevik revolution during his stay in Viipuri in September-October 1917.

Sprawling along the heights adjacent to the Gulf of Finland is Mon Repos, one of the most spacious English parks in Eastern Europe. The park was laid as directed by its owner, Baron Ludwig Heinrich von Nikolay, at the end of the 19th century. Most of the garden structures were designed by the architect, Giuseppe Antonio Martinelli. Previously, the estate belonged to the future king Frederick I of Württemberg (Maria Fyodorovna's brother), who called it Charlottendahl in honour of his second wife.

History
For centuries the area around Vyborg saw the bitter rivalry between Russia and its neighbors. The Vyborg Castle, built in 1293 on a small island Linnan-Saari off the Baltic coast, was a powerful Swedish stronghold. The castle was blocking a major trade route between the Russian merchant city of Novgorod and the Baltic Sea, through the Ladoga Lake via the Vuoksa River and the Russian fortress Karela (modern-day town of Priozersk). The castle with the tall Olaf Tower was built with the latest fortification technology of the day. The Russian forces of the Principality of Novgorod laid siege to the castle several times but unsuccessfully. In 1318 the army of Novgorod managed to take the castle, but failed to establish tight control over the area and had to retreat.

In 1561 the tall Olaf Tower was rebuilt on the orders from King Gustav Vasa. The tower became a little shorter, but with thicker walls and more powerful defenses. In 1564 additional fortifications were built with outer walls and powerful bastions paved with stone.

The lively medieval town of Vyborg, located opposite the castle, was fortified as well. This part of the town is still referred to as "the Old Town" and retains much of its medieval character. Several towers in the Old Town used to be part of the town fortifications, built in the late 14th century - early 15th century and expanded in 1547-50. The most famous is definitely the Round Tower ("the Fat Catherine"), which now stands on the Market Square. The tower was built of large stones and was strong enough to have canons on several levels.

The only remaining feature of the later fortifications is Bastion Panzerlaks, which was part of the powerful "Horn Fortress" (its bastions, seen from an elevation, looked likes horns). The rest of the fortress was torn down in the 19th century.

When Peter the Great founded St. Petersburg in 1703 and Russians gained access to the Baltic, they had captured all Swedish outposts in the area. In 1706 the first ground assault on Vyborg failed, but in 1710 Peter the Great summoned 13 thousand troops and 250 ships for a combined army and navy attack on the fortified town and castle. On June 12, 1710, after a heavy bombardment, the Swedish garrison surrendered. With the construction of yet more fortifications, Vyborg maintained military significance till the early 19th century.

The main civil landmark of Vyborg and the surrounding area is the "Monrepos" estate. The estate was founded by the military commandant of Vyborg, but was soon acquired by the governor of the province, who used it for hosting spectacular feasts. The name of the estate reflected the owner's character and attitude towards his government business ("Mon Repos" in French means "my leisure"). The estate came to the peak of prominence under the ownership of the Nikolai family after Ludwig von Nikolai became the secretary first to Paul I and then to the Dowager Empress Maria Fedorovna. It was in the times of Nikolai that the stylish wooden mansion was build and the park was decorated with numerous pavilions.

How to get there
By train from the Finland Railway Station 
By bus that make several stops in St. Petersburg (Pulkovskaya Hotel, Moscow Hotel, Grand Hotel Europe or Finnord City Office (depending on a bus line).